PARALLEL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Studying structure in very important, especially in writing to get a good grammatical form. We of ten find it difficult to combine two or more sentences that has the some construction to be a simple sentence. Moreover we sometimes find it much more difficult to choose a structure to make all the words in the same part of speech.

There is an easy and quick way to take repetitive words and combine similar sentences and ideas called Parallel Structure. Parallel structure also gives good impression on reader, especially experienced readers and writers.

This paper will discuss more about “ PARALLEL STRUCTURE”, either the definition, the rules or the examples in phrases an clauses.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

1. Definition of Parallel Structure

One use of conjunction in to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. In writing a sentence, it is important that the words have the same structure as one another. Moreover, if we have alist of  2 or more items, it is important that the nouns, adjectives, verbs, or prepositional phrases are all in the same word form as one another .

There are a number of situations which reguire us to use parallel structure. They are :

1. …. And ….
2. Both …. And ….
3. Not …. Burt …..
4. Not only …. But also …..
5. Neither …. Nor ….
6. Either …. Or ….         / Whether ….. or …..

2. Rules Of Parallel Structure

There are two important rules to remember in parallel structure. They are :

1. When using parallel structure, the item in the list must be all nouns, all adjective, all adverbs, all infinitives, all gerunds, all prepositional phrases, or all clauses.
2. It is important to know the rules for “commas ( , ) and semicolons ( ; ) “ when using parallel structure.

3. Parallel Structure in Sentences

As being explained before, for parallel structure, we need to make all the words in the same series. We can use either the noun forms of words or the verb forms of each words and so on. Here are axamples of parallel structure in sentences.

1. Nouns

Eg : a. He received a pocket calculator  and a wool sweater for his birthday

                                        Noun                                noun

       b. Not only men but also women like watching a football match

                          noun                noun

2. Verbs

Eg : a. Mary opened the door and greeted her guests.

                        Verb 2                    Verb 2

            Both opened and greeted are in the same from we mustn’t write

            Mary opened the door and greeting her guests.

            Mary opens the door greeted her guests

        b. The gril is not  singing but crying

                                    V-ing          V-ing

            Both singing and crying are in the same from we mustn’t write

            The girl is not singing but cries

            The girl doesn’t sing but crying

3. Adjectives

Eg : a. The old man is extremely kind and generous

                                                 Adjective    Adjective

            Not old main is extremely kind and generosity

        B. They are young, enthusiastic, and talented

                                    Adjective                Adjective

In a series, commas are used to separate each. The final comma that precedes the conjunction is optional but is customarily used. But, if there are only two ports in a parallel structure, we mustn’t put comma.

4. Adverbs

Eg : a. He spoke angrily and bitterly about the war

                          Adverb        Adverb

            Not he spoke angrily and was bitter about the war

        b. The motorist rides his motor-bike carelessly and fast

                                                                  Adverb           Adverb

5. Noun Phrases

Eg : a. Apples are as good for you as oranges

       b. Work is as necessary as play

            both “apples” and “oranges” are in plural form

6. Verb Phrases

Eg : a. Before I Love for school, I usually eats same bread and have a glass of milk

       b. He got on his car, wore his seatbelt and drove away.

All the verb ar in the same from

7. Adverbial Phrases

Eg : a. We usually have holiday in the summer and at the weekends

b. Rita and Ratih will probably arrive in less than an hour and in time for the meeting       

       c. The left the party after having same meals and drinking some water

8. Gerund Phrases

Eg : a. Rhea hates either watching news or reading news papers

            Not Rea hates watching news or to read new papers

        b. The loves both swimming and to diving

            Not she loves both swimming and to dive

9. Infinitive Phrases

Eg : a. He advised me to forget her and find a new one

            Not He advised me to forget her and finding a new one

        b. I hope to go to the university and study under Dr. Liu

            Remember Not “studying”

10. Participial Phrases

Eg : a. Getting confused with the address and not knowing anyone in town, he felt very                lonesome       

        b. Taking some medicine and staying bed for days, she better

            Don’t Forget to put comma after the participial phrases that introduce the sentence

11. Noun Clauses

Eg : a. I don’t know that they have married and that they have had a baby

       b. She said that she would move to England but not that she would continue her studying

12. Adjective Clauses

Eg : a. He is man who sells some cooked food but not who sells some soft drinks

       b. This is a book that is interesting to read and that is easy to understand

13. Adverb Causes

Eg : a. As he was neither kind nor because he was polite, many people didn’t like him

       b. I saw him laugh when the teacher wrote on the whiteboard and when the teacher explained the lessons

Beside that, we must put the right preposition and articles in parallel structure

Eg : a. There will be a talk show on TV in the morning and at night ( Not “in night” or “at the morning”

       b. We don’t live for war but for peace (Not “peace”only)

       c. I bought a pencil, a blue pen, and an araser

The Excesses and the Deficiencies of Miss Meri’s book

·         The excesses of Miss Meri’S book

1. there are many examples different types of sentences that can help the readers to understand the materials well
2. The examples are explained with many reasons

·         The deficiencies of Miss Meri’s book:

1.      There are no exercises to analyze sentences and change them in the best order of parallel structure

2.      The items in the list ( in parallel structure ) should be underlined, bold typed or italicized to help readers understand more about the changes of the structure.

CAPTER III

CLOSING

A.    Conclusion

1.      Parallel structure is structure where the word in a sentence have the same construction as one another

2.      The items in a list must be all nouns, all adjective, all verb, all adverb, all infinitives, all gerunds, all phrases or all clauses

3.      w e usually put camma in a series to separate each unit, but comma is not used if there are only two units in the parallel structure.

B.     Suggestion

            Their book has explained about Parallel Structure well and clearly, but we hope that it will be much batter either in the discussion section or excercises section in the revised edition.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

·         Azar, Betty Schramper. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989

·         Frank, Marcella, Modern English. New York: Prentice Holl, 1972

·         Salimah, Mariyati, Sholihatul Hamidah, Utami Dewi, Sructure IV .Medan: IAIN Press, 2011

·         Syah, Muhibbin. Englsh Grammar. Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006